Urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’ubutabera ( International Court of Justice), ICJ, nirwo rwego rukuru rw’ubutabera rw’umuryango w’abibumbye (UN/ONU). rwashyizweho n’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye, yashyizweho umukono mu 1945 i San Francisco (Amerika), rutangira gukorera mu 1946 mu ngoro y’amahoro (Peace Palace), i La Haye (mu Buholandi).
Uru rukiko rugizwe n’abacamanza 15, rufite inshingano ebyiri: iya mbere, gukemura, hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga, amakimbirane ari hagati y’ibihugu byaruregeye, icya kabiri, gutanga ibitekerezo ngishwanama ku bibazo by’amategeko byoherejwe n’inzego z’umuryango w’abibumbye n’inzego zihariye.
Indimi zemewe n’Urukiko ni Icyongereza n’Igifaransa.
Ninde ushobora gutanga ikirego mu Rukiko?
Ibihugu byonyine ni byo byemerewe kwitaba Urukiko mu manza z’amakimbirane. Ibi bivuze ko ibihugu 193 bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye aribyo byemerewe kururegera no kururegwamo gusa.
Urukiko ntirufite ububasha bwo gukemura ibibabo n’ibirego by’abantu ku giti cyabo, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, cyangwa ibigo byigenga. Ntirushobora kubaha inama mu by’amategeko cyangwa kubafasha mu mikoranire yabo n’abayobozi b’ibihugu.
Icyakora Igihugu gishobora kurega mu izina ry’ umuturage wacyo muri uru rukiko rukagobokesha igihugu avuga ko cyamuhohoteye kugirango urubanza rube urw’ibihugu nti rube urw’umuturage n’Igihugu.
Ni iki gitandukanya Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rw’ubutabera ICJ, n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha n’Inkiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha zidasanzwe?
Urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’ubutabera ICJ, ntirufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha abantu baregwa ibyaha by’intambara cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Kubera ko atari urukiko mpanabyaha, ntirufite umushinjacyaha ushobora gutangiza imanza.
Izi nshingano ni iz’ inkiko z’ibihugu, inkiko z’inshinjabyaha zidasanzwe zashyizweho n’umuryango w’abibumbye (Urwego rwasigariyeho Inkiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha (IRMCT), rwashinzwe gusigarana imirimo yasigaye y’rukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwahoze ari urwa Yugosilaviya (ICTY) ) n’o’imirimo yasizwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR)) cyangwa ku bufatanye nayo (nk’urukiko rwihariye rwa Siyera Lewone n’Urukiko rwihariye rwa Libani), ndetse n’Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyizweho n’amasezerano ya Roma.
Ni iki gitandukanya Urukiko mpuzamahanga n’izindi nkiko mpuzamahanga?
Urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’ubutabera ICJ, rutandukanye n’urukiko rw’ubutabera rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (rufite icyicaro i Luxembourg), uruhare rwarwo ni ugusobanura amategeko y’umuryango w’ibihugu by’i Burayi no kugenga agaciro kayo, ndetse n’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu (i Strasbourg, Ubufaransa) hamwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu (muri San José, muri Kosta Rika), rukemura ibibazo by’ihohoterwa ry’amasezerano y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yemeranyijweho. Kimwe n’ibisabwa n’ibihugu, izo nkiko uko ari eshatu zishobora kwakira ibyifuzo by’abantu ku giti cyabo, ibi ntibishoboka ku rukiko mpuzamahanga.
Ububasha bw’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rw’Ubutabera ICJ, ni rusange bityo bukaba butandukanye n’ubw’inkiko mpuzamahanga z’inzobere, nk’urukiko mpuzamahanga rushinzwe amategeko y’inyanja (ITLOS).
Uru rukiko ntabwo ari ururukiko rwikirenga ku buryo izindi nkiko zo mu bihugu zishobora kurwitabaza; ntabwo kandi rukora nk’urukiko rwanyuma ku bantu. Ntabwo kandi ari urukiko rw’ubujurire ku rukiko mpuzamahanga. Ariko kandi uru rukiko rushobora kugena ingano y’igiciro cy’ubukemurampaka.
